Al Wakeelo
Your Digital Lawyer, Always on Duty
Initializing Secure Chambers
Your Digital Lawyer, Always on Duty
Initializing Secure Chambers
Petitioner: Miss FALSAFA JAMAL And Others VS Respondent: GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN Through JUDGMENT
Court Name: Balochistan High Court Judge(s): Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, Raja Fayyaz Ahmed Title:Miss FALSAFA JAMAL And Others vs GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN Through
JUDGMENT
Reported As: 1999 CLC 1547 Result: Order accordingly Judgment JUDGMENT IFTIKHAR MUHAMMAD CHAUDHARY, C.J.--- For the reason that Constitutional Petitions Nos.473 of 1998, 106 and 212 of 1999, call in question, the interpretation of clause (3) of Article 22 read with Article 25 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, as well as Prospectus of Bolan Medical College, for the Academic Session 1997-98 and power/authority of the Government of Baluchistan, to lay down Policy for Admissions, therefore, we are disposing of these petitions, by instant common judgment. Although, detailed marshalling of facts of each case, with reference to the question involved for decision, is not called for, but just to understand the controversy, the facts are noted to the extent that: in Constitutional Petition No.473 of 1998, grievance of petitioner Miss Falsafa Jamal is that she applied for admission in 1st year M.B.,B.S. Class of Bolan Medical College, for the Academic Session 1997-98, against the reserved seat of District Pishin, but she could not qualify on merits and respondent No.4 Mir Wais Khan Kakar, whowas lowest in merit list, succeeded in getting admission. It is her case that as for the Academic Session 1997-98, no seat has been reserved for girl students of District Pishin, as it used to be previously, therefore, she had lost the chance of her admission. So in other words, her claim is that the concerned Authority discriminately, abolished the Special reserved seat for girl students of Pishin District, whereas for the girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan District, they already allocated special reserved seats, one to each area, were kept intact. As such, her grievance is that the Prospectus, has not been amended by the Provincial Government competently, as no approval was sought, for abolishing the special reserved seat for
---
## Page 2
girl students of Pishin District, from the cabinet. Thus, such action on the part of Provincial Government, through Secretary, Health, may be declared, illegal, unlawful, discriminatory and against the norms of justice and as a consequence thereof, the official respondents be directed to grant admission to petitioner, in place of respondent No.4, by treating her valid and eligible candidate, to get admission against the special reserved seat for girl students of Pishin District. It may be noted that the candidate, who was at the tale of merit list namely Abdul Ghaffar, to whom the admission has been granted, was not impleaded as party, but when on 28-4-1999, the case was being heard an application was filed by petitioner's counsel, being Civil Miscellaneous No.837 of 1999, for permission to implead Abdul Ghaffar as respondent. At this juncture, it may be seen that except, for the current Session 1997-98, from the day one, the Bolan Medical College, was established, students hailing from all Districts/Agencies of the Province of Baluchistan, use to have one special reserved seat for girl students, for each district. Inasmuch as girl students of Quetta Rural, were also provided a special reserved seat. However, in the Prospectus of 1997-98, only the special reserved seats for girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts were kept intact, whereas w the special reserved seats for girl students of all other Districts/Agencies were abolished. Although the petitioners in instant petitions, competed with boy students of their respective Districts i.e. Pishin, Zhob and Dera Bugti Agency, but they failed to succeed on merits, as such, after the announcement of results instant proceedings have been instituted. Messrs Mohsin Javed, Hamidullah Buzdar and Shakeel Ahmad, learned Advocates, appeared on behalf of petitioners. (Mr. Tariq Mehmood, Advocate, however, argued the case on behalf of Mr. Shakeel Ahmad, Advocate, as he was not present on the date of hearing). Whereas the Government of Baluchistan wasrepresented by Malik Sikandar Khan, Advocate-General and Syed Ayaz Zahoor, Advocate appeared for Principal, B.M.C., Quetta and Selection Committee. As according to Syed Ayaz Zahoor. Advocate, there is no clash of interest, between private respondent Naimatullah as well as the Selection Committee, therefore, he also appeared for the former. Mr. Basharatullah learned Advocate, however, appeared for private respondent Azam Jan in Constitutional Petition 212 of 1999. On behalf of petitioners, it has been contended that the Authorities of Bolan Medical College, had abolished the special reserved seats for girl students of Pishin, Zhob and Dera Rugti, without the approval of Cabinet, therefore, on account of such action, which has got no legal backing, the petitioners cannot be deprived of their legitimate right. It has been further contended that the Authorities of Bolan Medical College, by providing special reserved seats to girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts and denying such special seats to the girl students of all other Districts/Agencies, have made unreasonable/irrational classification, which is not tenable under clause (3) of Article 25 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. It has been further argued that Article 22(3)(b) read with Article 34 of the Constitution, guarantees that the petitioners cannot be denied admission, against the special reserved seats in the Institution, being run with public revenue, merely, for the reason, that they are not residents of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts. According to them, the principles of State Policies, as envisaged under Article 34, provides; that steps shall be taken to ensure full participation of women in all spheres of national life, but the Authorities by curtailing the participation of petitioners and other girl students of different Districts/Agencies, except Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, have deprived them, of their participation in National life, as they have been denied admission against the special reserved seats. In support of their contentions, reliance was placed on 1989 MLD 3935, PLD 1976 Lah. 501, PLD 1990 SC 295 and 1991 SCMR 1041. Syed Ayaz Zahoor, learned counsel, argued that petitions are not maintainable, in view of the fact, that all the petitioners accepted the terms and conditions of Prospectus of Bolan Medical College
---
## Page 3
for the Session 1997-98, as they applied for admission, against the open merit seats, and when they failed to compete with other candidates, they decided to institute present petitions, after a sufficient delay, from the date of publication of Prospectus. Therefore, they are estopped by their conduct, to file present petitions. In this behalf he placed reliance on 1983 SCMR 168 and PLD 1986 Quetta 148. Learned counsel then argued that the Cabinet of the Government of Baluchistan, vide its decision, taken on 27th August, 1998, gave approval, for the abolition of special reserved seats for girt students of all other Districts/Agencies of the Province, except the seats, each reserved for Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts. He also placed on record the decision of the Cabinet communicated by the Services and General Administration Department. Therefore, according to him, the objection raised in this behalf by petitioners, is without force. Learned counsel also contended that no discrimination has been done With the girl students, by not allocating the special reserved seats to girl students of other Districts, because under Article 22(3) read with Article 25 as well as the principles of State Policy, envisaged under Article 34 of the Constitution, no such right has been guaranteed. Thus, legitimately the petitioners cannot put forward their claim. Reliance in this behalf was placed on PLD 1985 Lah. 300. Malik Sikandar Khan, learned Advocate-General as well as Mr. Basharatullah, Advocate, also subscribed the view-point of learned. Counsel Syed Ayaz Zahoor. However, the former also relied on another judgment, reported in 1997 SCMR 1043. At the outset, it would be appropriate to examine; that according to the Baluchistan Government Rules of Business, the Provincial Health Department is responsible for medical education, including medical schools and colleges and Institutions for dentistry. Therefore, in such capacity, it is the primary duty of Health Department to fix the number of seats, for M.B.,B.S. Course and B.D.S. Course, during the academic Session of course, for the approval of Prospectus, which contains the break- up and allocation of the reserved seats, matter has to be placed before the Cabinet, as it involves the administrative decision/policy, to run an Institution, as per the mandate of Rule 21 of the Rules of Business, 1976. However, if no change is to be brought in the Admission Policy of preceding academic session, then the Prospectus containing such policy, as in the last academic session, shall be applicable. As pointed out hereinabove, prior to the Academic Session 1997-98, there had been a uniform policy, for each session, to provide one special seat to girl students of each District/Agency, but for the academic session, to which instant matters pertain i.e. 1997-98, as Government wanted to abolish the special reserved seats for girl students of all Districts, except Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, therefore, the Health Department presented a working paper before the Cabinet, in which, while mentioning the break-up of number of seats in Bolan Medical College, one girl special seat allocated to each District of Province were omitted, except mentioning that girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, shall have one special seat. This working paper was put up before the Cabinet in its meeting held on 27th August, 1998, who gave its decision as follows:----- "The Cabinet considered the Summary/Proposal submitted by the Health Department on 'Prospectus of Bolan Medical College, Quetta for the Session 1997-98 approved the deletion as mentioned in the working paper and the following proposals:----- (i) All admissions are on merit. . (ii) Entry test is mandatory. (i.e) The seats reserved for other parts of the country + 10 seats reserved for Central Asian Republics are converted into self financing scheme. (iv) The unutilized seats reserved for foreign States will also be converted to self-financing." From the perusal of above decision of Cabinet, it can safely be concluded that one special seat for girl students of each District, except Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, was approved.
---
## Page 4
Therefore, in view of such conclusion, there is no further scope to dilate upon this aspect of the case. Now the important question, involved for consideration is; that what were the cogent reasons, which prevailed upon the Government of Baluchistan to keep intact special reserved seats for girl students of Quetta . Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts and abolish such seats of other Districts? Learned counsel for respondents failed to disclose reasons in this behalf. We pointed out to them, that if the object of the Government was to provide special reserved seats for girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, for the purpose of advancement of education in these areas, then there are areas/Districts in the Province, which need more advancement of education than these Districts as they are situated in far flung Region of the Province, having less facility of education to girl students and further in some of the area, even there is no Girls College and the girl students do migrate from one place to other and live in Hostels for purpose of receiving education, like Kohlu and Dera Bugti Agency. Therefore, the wisdom of Prospectus-makers is beyond the understanding of a man of ordinary prudence, that as to why, all other Districts have been deprived of special reserved seats for-girl students in each District, except Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts. We repeatedly enquired from the Advocate-General, who was holding brief on behalf of the Government of Baluchistan, to disclose, at least a single reason which prevailed upon the Government in doing so, but he expressed his inability. Be that as it may, now we would examine, as to whether abolition of one special reserved seat for girl students of each District, except Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, is contrary to Article 22(3)(b) read with Articles 25(3) and 34 of the Constitution? For sake of convenience these Articles are reproduced hereinbelow:----- "22.-- (1) ---------------------------------- (2)---------------------------------- (3) subject to law------------------------------------ --(a) ---------------------------------- (b) no citizen shall be denied admission to any educational institution receiving aid from public revenues on the ground only of race, religion, caste or place of birth. 25.-- (1) ---------------------------------- (2)---------------------------------- (3) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the Sate from making any special provision for the protection of, women and children. 34. Steps shall be taken to ensure full participation of women in all spheres of national life." As far as Article 25(3) is concerned, it has bestowed powers upon the State for making any special provision for the protection of women and children. As regards Article 34, it speaks, that steps shall be taken to ensure full participation of women in all spheres of national life. Learned counsel for petitioners contended that the Provincial Government by abolishing the special reserved seats for girl students of each District, had negated its earlier policy, according to which, special provision was made for providing one special seat to girl students of each District throughout the Province, as they had only chosen the girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, to provide them special reserved seats. As observed hereinabove that no justification has been shown, as to why the Government selected only two Districts and Quetta Rural area, for providing special reserved seats for girl students, and omitted to extend this facility to the girl students of other Districts, therefore, in absence of any reason it was within the programme of Provincial Government to allocate one special reserved seat to girl students of each District, for the advancement of education in backward areas, where the girl students receive education up to Matric or F.Sc. After great deal of hardships. Had the Government not allocated these seats to the girl student of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan
---
## Page 5
Districts, we would have not felt any difficulty, in holding that there is no discrimination with the girl students of other Districts, but by allocating three special seats for girl students of Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, element of discrimination is clearly indicative. We agree with the learned counsel for respondents, that the Government has an authority of making classification amongst the persons living in the same circumstances and conditions, but there must be some reasonability in doing e such classification, otherwise, the action on behalf of the Authority responsible to do so, shall be deemed discriminatory. In this behalf, in the case of Ehsanul Haque and another v. Federation of Pakistan through the Secretary to Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education, Islamabad and 2 others PLD 1976 Lah. 501 it was held as under:----- "The last point argued was that in Lahore Medical College 100 seats had been reserved for female students. It was submitted that this amounted to discrimination and was violative of fundamental right of equality of law' as contained in Article 25(2) of the Constitution where it was written that 'there shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone'. The contention has no merit, because in clause (3) of the same Article it was written that 'nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the protection of women and children'. It cannot be seriously disputed that for protection of females and children and to safeguard them against diseases, ill health and ailments peculiar to their own class, laws and provisions can be made inter alia for fixing quota of seats for lady candidates and lady doctors in the Medical Colleges. Speaking for ourselves we were really astonished to note that the male candidates who were otherwise low in merit, were trying to score not over their own class but against ladies who even otherwise needed special protection and treatment under the Constitution. The attitude adopted instead of point out any discrimination in favour of the womenfolk depicted class hatred on the part of the petitioners. At this place reference may be made to Naseem Mahmood v. Principal, King Edward Medical College, Lahore and others PLD 1965 Lah. 272 (Anwarul Haq and Muhammad Akram, JJ.)were at page 277 is a list of various reserved seats for certain categories of students. That list included reservation of certain seats for women. Though the question regarding reservation for women was not especially attended to and the main discussion was confined to reservation on regional basis but an implied support can be had from certain passages occurring at pages 278 and 288 for the proposition that various reservations made thereunder --(including reservations for women) were not illegal in any manner." The passage at page 278 reads as follows:----------- "We are concerned solely with the question whether the instructions are invalid either for the reason that they have been issued by the Provincial Government without lawful authority or for the reason that they come into conflict with any of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizens by our Constitution. We accordingly proceed to examine the matter from these angles." Then at page 288 it was concluded as follows:-- "These reservations do not appear to us to offend against any of the provisions of our Constitution, as they are based on a reasonable classification, related to the object of the Scheme, viz. An equitable distribution of the available seats, taking into consideration all the relevant factors and not merely the marks obtained in the F.Sc. (Pre---Medical) examination-" "That woman's physical structure and the performance of maternal functions place her at a disadvantage in the struggle for subsistence is obvious. This is especially true when the burden of motherhood are upon her. Even when they are not, by abundant testimony of the medical fraternity continuance for a long time on her feet at work, repeating this from day-to-day, tends to injurious effects upon the body, and, as healthy mothers are essential to vigorous offspring, the physical well being of woman becomes an object of public interest and care in order to preserve the strength and vigour of the race.
---
## Page 6
Still again, history discloses the fact that woman has always been dependent upon man. He established his control at the outset by super physical strength, and his control in various forms, with diminishing intensity, has continued to the present. As minor, though not to the same extent, she has been looked upon at the Courts as needing special care, that her rights may be preserved. Education was long denied her, and while now the doors of the school room are opened and her opportunities far acquiring knowledge are great, yet even with that and consequent increase of capacity for business affairs it is still true that in the struggle for subsistence she is not an equal competitor with her brother. Though limitation upon personal and contractual rights may be removed by legislation, there is that in her disposition and habits of life which will operate against a full assertion of those rights. She will still be where some legislation to protect her seems necessary to secure a real quality of right. Doubtless there are individual exceptions and there are many respects in which she has an advantage over him; but looking at it from the view-point of the effort to maintain an independent position in life, she is not upon an equality. Differentiated by these matters from the other sex, she is properly placed in a class by herself, and legislation designed for her protection may be sustained. It is impossible to close one's eye to the fact that she still looks to her brother and depends upon him. Even though all restrictions on political, personal, and contractual rights were taken away, and she stood, so far as statutes are concerned, upon an absolutely equal plane with him, it would still be true that she is so constituted chat she will rest upon and look to him for protection; that her physical structure and a proper discharge of her maternal function having in view not merely her own health; but the well-being of the race justify legislation to protect her from the greed as well as the passion of man. The limitations which this statute places upon her contractual powers, upon her right to agree with her employer as to the time she shall labour, are not imposed solely for her benefit, but also largely for the benefit of all. Many words cannot make this plainer. The two sexes differ in structure of body, in the functions to be performed by each, in the amount of physical strength, in the capacity for long continued labour, particularly when done standing the influence of vigorous health upon the future well being of the fact, the self-reliance which enables one to assert full rights, and in the capacity to maintain the struggle for 'subsistence. This difference justifies a difference in legislation and upholds that which is designed to compensate for some of the burdens which rests upon her. " Similarly the Honourable Supreme Court in the case of I.A. Sherwani and others v. Government of Pakistan through Secretary, Finance, Division, Islamabad and others 1991 SCMR 1041, laid down following principles with regard to "equal protection of law" and reasonable classification:-- "Following are the principles with regard to equal protection of law and reasonableness of classification-- (i) that equal protection of law does not envisage that every citizen is to be treated alike in all circumstances, but it contemplates that persons similarly situated or similarly placed are to be treated alike; (ii) that reasonable classification is permissible but it must be founded on reasonable distinction or reasonable basis; (i.e) that different laws can validly be enacted for different sexes, persons in different age groups, persons having different, financial standings, and persons accused of heinous crimes; (iv) that no standard of universal application to test reasonableness of a classification can be laid down as what may be reasonable classification in a particular set of circumstances may be reasonable in the other set of circumstances; (v) that a law applying to one person or one class of persons may be Constitutionally valid if there is sufficient basis or reason for it, but a classification which is arbitrary and is not founded on any rational basis is no classification as to warrant its exclusion from the mischief of Article 25;
---
## Page 7
(vi) that equal protection of law means that all persons equally placed be treated alike, both in privileges conferred and liabilities imposed. That in order to make a classification reasonable, it should be based--- (a) on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from those who have been left out; (b) that the differentia must have rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved by such classification. " Testing the case in hand, at the touchstone of above principles it can conveniently be inferred that the Government of Baluchistan in abolishing one special reserved seat for girl students of each District except Quetta Rural, Ziarat and Barkhan Districts, has failed to point out that what were the reasons of such classification and whether it is founded on reasonable distinction or reasonable basis. It may be noted that in the Province of Baluchistan, except few urban towns, as far as its remaining part is concerned, it falls within the definition of "rural area". Therefore, if the Government had decided to allocate one special seat for girl students of Quetta Rural area, which is adjacent to the Quetta area, and the latter being the Provincial capital also cater and provides facilities to its adjacent rural area, then as to why it was not considered to allocate such special seat to other rural areas of the Province, which are situated far away from the Provincial capital, having less educational facilities as well as congenial atmosphere, particularly for female students to receive…
Read the unabridged text and precedent citation network on Al Wakeelo Legal Research Platform.